Measuring education inequality - Gini coefficients of education

The authors use a Gini index to measure inequality in educational attainment. They present two methods (direct and indirect) for calculating an education Gini index, and generate a quinquennial data set on education Gini indexes for the over-15-population in 85 countries (1960-90). Preliminary empirical analysis suggests that: 1) Inequality in education in most of the countries declined over the three decades, with a few exceptions. 2) Inequality in education as measured by the education Gini index is negatively associated with average years of schooling, implying that countries with higher educational attainment are more likely to achieve equality in education, than those with lower attainment. 3) A clear pattern of an education Kuznets curve exists if the standard deviation of education is used. 4) Gender gaps are clearly related to education inequality, and over time, the association between gender gaps, and inequality becomes stronger. 5) Increases in per capita GDP (adjusted for purchasing power parity) seem to be negatively associated with education inequality, and positively related to labor force's average years of schooling, after controlling for initial income levels.Curriculum&Instruction,Teaching and Learning,Gender and Education,Education and Society,Primary Education

Development of Ammonia Gas Leak Detection and Location Method

This paper proposed the gas for industrial ammonia leak diffusion model and the Gauss method of leakage localization. A set of wireless ammonia leak alarm system is composed of sensor node, network coordinator and host used in the industrial field was developed, the purpose is to reduce the loss of property caused by the leakage of ammonia industry. Using the monitoring system to carry out the ammonia leak location simulation measurement experiment, the result shows that the relative positioning error of the monitoring system is about 12%, which meets the needs of industrial production safety monitoring. Using the wireless sensor network to monitor the concentration of ammonia gas and locate the leakage source, it solves the problems of traditional wired alarm system, such as difficult wiring and weak expansibility, which helps to find the leak timely and provides a reference for the emergency rescue work

LSSTCS- A Social-Based DTN Routing in Cooperative Vehicular Sensor Networks

As a cooperative information system, vehicles in Vehicular Sensor Networks delivery messages based on collaboration. Due to the high speed of vehicles, the topology of the network is highly dynamic, and the network may be disconnected frequently. So how to transfer large files in such network is worth considering. In case that the encountering nodes which never meet before flood messages blindly to cause tremendous network overhead. We address this challenge by introducing the Encounter Utility Rank Router(EURR) based on social metrics. EURR includes three cases: Utility Replication Strategy, Lifetime Replication Strategy and SocialRank Replication Strategy. The Lifetime Replication is promising complement to Utility Replication. It enhances the delivery ratio by relaying the copy via the remaining lifetime. Considering network overhead, the SocialRank Replication replicates a copy according to the SocialRank when two communicating nodes do not meet before. The routing mechanism explores the utility of history encounter information and social opportunistic forwarding. The results under the scenario show an advantage of the proposed Encounter Utility Rank Router (EURR) over the compared algorithms in terms of delivery ratio, average delivery latency and overhead ratio